Machine / system · Ivanov's Ghost
Monkey-Gland Craze
Voronoff's rejuvenation grafts
Monkey-Gland Craze in the timeline
1912 Steinach's rejuvenation experiments
In Vienna, Eugen Steinach pioneers 'rejuvenation' by vasectomy and gland surgery, part of the interwar craze that Voronoff will carry to celebrity. By 1925 Nature and JAMA treat the two men as one phenomenon; the year 1912 is the one usually given and is not verified here.
1920 Begins monkey-gland grafts
Voronoff grafts ape testicle tissue into aging men, promising rejuvenation; his xenotransplantations run from about 1910 to 1930, and 1920 is the year usually given for the first human grafts. The operation becomes an international craze.